Output

Publications

2026

JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:2603.00088
AI Safety Evaluations Need To Consider Cascading Effects
Anna Neumann · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceAwardProceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Who Controls the Conversation? User Perspectives On Generative AI (LLM) System Prompts
Anna Neumann · Yulu Pi · Jatinder Singh
DOI ↗PDF ↗

2025

ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Position is Power: System Prompts as a Mechanism of Bias in Large Language Models (LLMs)
Anna Neumann · Elisabeth Kirsten · Muhammad Bilal Zafar · Jatinder Singh
DOI ↗PDF ↗
ConferenceFAccT
Stakeholder Participation for Responsible AI Development: Disconnects Between Guidance and Current Practice
Emma Kallina · Thomas Bohn'e · Jatinder Singh
DOI ↗PDF ↗
JournalHEAL@ CHI
Caught in the Cascade: Why LLM Auditing is Missing the Middle
Anna Neumann · Jatinder Singh
JournalPLOS Digital Health
From manual clinical criteria to machine learning algorithms: Comparing outcome endpoints derived from diverse electronic health record data modalities
Shreya Chappidi · Mason J Belue · Stephanie A Harmon · Sarisha Jagasia · Ying Zhuge · Erdal Tasci · Baris Turkbey · Jatinder Singh · Kevin Camphausen · Andra V Krauze
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Position is power: System prompts as a mechanism of bias in large language models (llms)
Anna Neumann · Elisabeth Kirsten · Muhammad Bilal Zafar · Jatinder Singh
JournalMaterials Advances
Size matters: limitations of the ZIF-8 monolith and its Ni-, Co-and Cu-doped variants for the adsorption of rhodamine B
Jose de Jesus Velazquez-Garcia · Susann Frenzke · Luis de los Santos Valladares · Crispin HW Barnes · Christopher Copeman · Jatinder Singh · Satishkumar Kulkarni · Thomas F Keller · Henry Sanchez Cornejo · Dina Huanaco-Quispe · others
ConferenceCHI EA '25
Mapping the Tool Landscape for Stakeholder Involvement in Participatory AI: Strengths, Gaps, and Future Directions
Emma Kallina · Jatinder Singh
DOI ↗PDF ↗
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Intimate data sharing: enhancing transparency and control in fertility tracking
Anna Ida Hudig · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mapping the Tool Landscape for Stakeholder Involvement in Participatory AI: Strengths, Gaps, and Future Directions
Emma Kallina · Jat Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
From policy to practice in data governance and responsible data stewardship: system design for data intermediaries
Jovan Powar · Heleen Janssen · Richard Cloete · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
‘Stewardship’as a Fair, Accountable and Transparent Model for Free and Open-Source Software Governance? Looking Beyond the EU’s Cyber Resilience Act
Jennifer Tridgell · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society
Accountability Capture: How Record-Keeping to Support AI Transparency and Accountability (Re) shapes Algorithmic Oversight
Shreya Chappidi · Jennifer Cobbe · Chris Norval · Anjali Mazumder · Jatinder Singh
JournalData-Centric Engineering
Trustworthy, responsible and ethical artificial intelligence in manufacturing and supply chains: synthesis and emerging research questions
Alexandra Brintrup · George Baryannis · Ashutosh Tiwari · Svetan Ratchev · Giovanna Martinez-Arellano · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Rights Out of Sight: Data Practices and Transparency Gaps in Smart Consumer IoT Ecosystems
Anna Ida Hudig · Anna Maria Mandalari · Chris Norval · Hamed Haddadi · Reuben Binns · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Stakeholder participation for responsible ai development: Disconnects between guidance and current practice
Emma Kallina · Thomas Bohn'e · Jatinder Singh

2024

ConferenceProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Meaningful transparency for clinicians: Operationalising hcxai research with gynaecologists
Bianca Giulia Sarah Schor · Emma Kallina · Jatinder Singh · Alan Blackwell
ConferenceProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Trouble at Sea: Data and digital technology challenges for maritime human rights concerns
Jamie Hancock · Ruoyun Hui · Jatinder Singh · Anjali Mazumder
ConferenceProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mind the gap: Designers and standards on algorithmic system transparency for users
Bianca GS Schor · Chris Norval · Ellen Charlesworth · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceExtended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Seeing Human Rights at Sea: How to Align Tech Development with the Needs of Maritime Human Rights Investigators and Affected Communities
Jamie Hancock · Ruoyun Hui · Jatinder Singh · Anjali Mazumder
ConferenceProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
The tensions of data sharing for human rights: A modern slavery case study
Jamie Hancock · Sarada Mahesh · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh · Anjali Mazumder
Book ChapterHandbook on Public Policy and Artificial Intelligence
Accounting for context in AI technologies
Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalACM Journal on Responsible Computing
Improving Group Fairness Assessments with Proxies
Emma Harvey · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization
Stakeholder involvement for responsible AI development: A process framework
Emma Kallina · Jatinder Singh

2023

ConferenceProceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Understanding accountability in algorithmic supply chains
Jennifer Cobbe · Michael Veale · Jatinder Singh
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:2305.11581
Trustworthy, responsible, ethical AI in manufacturing and supply chains: synthesis and emerging research questions
Alexandra Brintrup · George Baryannis · Ashutosh Tiwari · Svetan Ratchev · Giovanna Martinez-Arellano · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Navigating the audit landscape: A framework for developing transparent and auditable XR
Chris Norval · Richard Cloete · Jatinder Singh
JournalIEEE Internet of Things Journal
A room with an overview: Toward meaningful transparency for the consumer Internet of Things
Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Out of context: Investigating the bias and fairness concerns of “artificial intelligence as a service”
Kornel Lewicki · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceIET Conference Proceedings CP846
Data rights in the consumer Internet of Things
Anna Ida Hudig · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh

2022

JournalThe 2021 Yearbook of the Digital Ethics Lab
Formalising Trade-Offs Beyond Algorithmic Fairness: Lessons from Ethical Philosophy and Welfare
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Luciano Floridi · Jatinder Singh
JournalData \& Policy
From transparency to accountability of intelligent systems: Moving beyond aspirations
Rebecca Williams · Richard Cloete · Jennifer Cobbe · Caitlin Cottrill · Peter Edwards · Milan Markovic · Iman Naja · Frances Ryan · Jatinder Singh · Wei Pang
JournalSecurity, and Risk in the Cloud (February 2022)
Cloud Computing Demystified (Part 2): Control, Security, and Risk in the Cloud
W Kuan Hon · Christopher Millard · Jatinder Singh
Book ChapterResearch Handbook on EU Data Protection Law
Defining the scope of ai adm system risk assessment
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jennifer Cobbe · Heleen Janssen · Jatinder Singh
JournalAvailable at SSRN 4080046
Data justice in practice: A guide for impacted communities
David Leslie · Michael Katell · Mhairi Aitken · Jatinder Singh · Morgan Briggs · Rosamund Powell · Cami Rincon · Antonella Perini · Smera Jayadeva
JournalInternational Journal of Law and Information Technology
Practical fundamental rights impact assessments
Heleen Janssen · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
Conference2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT 2022)
Disclosure by Design: Designing information disclosures to support meaningful transparency and accountability
Chris Norval · Kristin Cornelius · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalAvailable at SSRN 4080050
Data justice in practice: A guide for policymakers
David Leslie · Michael Katell · Mhairi Aitken · Jatinder Singh · Morgan Briggs · Rosamund Powell · Cami Rinc'on · Antonella Perini · Smera Jayadeva
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01037
Data justice in practice: A guide for developers
David Leslie · Michael Katell · Mhairi Aitken · Jatinder Singh · Morgan Briggs · Rosamund Powell · Cami Rinc'on · Antonella Perini · Smera Jayadeva · Christopher Burr
JournalInternet Policy Review
Personal information management systems
Heleen Janssen · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceCompanion publication of the 2022 ACM designing interactive systems conference
Making algorithmic systems more meaningfully transparent for users through visualisation
Bianca G Schor · Jatinder Singh · Alan Blackwell
JournalAvailable at SSRN 4030064
Cloud computing demystified (part 1): technical and commercial fundamentals
W Kuan Hon · Christopher Millard · Jatinder Singh
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:2204.03090
Advancing data justice research and practice: An integrated literature review
David Leslie · Michael Katell · Mhairi Aitken · Jatinder Singh · Morgan Briggs · Rosamund Powell · Cami Rinc'on · Thompson Chengeta · Abeba Birhane · Antonella Perini · others
JournalInternet Policy Review
Data intermediary
Heleen Janssen · Jatinder Singh

2021

JournalAI and Ethics
Formalising trade-offs beyond algorithmic fairness: lessons from ethical philosophy and welfare economics
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Luciano Floridi · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
Differential tweetment: Mitigating racial dialect bias in harmful tweet detection
Ari Ball-Burack · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:2102.08132
Towards an accountable Internet of Things: A call for reviewability
Chris Norval · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society
Monitoring AI services for misuse
Seyyed Ahmad Javadi · Chris Norval · Richard Cloete · Jatinder Singh
JournalCommunications of the ACM
Enclaves in the clouds: Legal considerations and broader implications
Jatinder Singh · Jennifer Cobbe · Do Le Quoc · Zahra Tarkhani
ConferenceProceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems
The landscape and gaps in open source fairness toolkits
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jat Singh
ConferenceLee, Michelle Seng Ah and Jatinder Singh." Spelling Errors and Non-Standard Language in Peer-to-Peer Loan Applications and the Borrower’s Probability of Default." In Proceedings of Credit Scoring and Credit Control Conference XVII
Spelling errors and non-standard language in peer-to-peer loan applications and the borrower’s probability of default
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
JournalPolicy \& Internet
Data protection and tech startups: The need for attention, support, and scrutiny
Chris Norval · Heleen Janssen · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalComputer Law \& Security Review
Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges
Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency
Reviewable automated decision-making: A framework for accountable algorithmic systems
Jennifer Cobbe · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society
Risk identification questionnaire for detecting unintended bias in the machine learning development lifecycle
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
JournalProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies
Auditable augmented/mixed/virtual reality: the practicalities of mobile system transparency
Richard Cloete · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh
ConferencePrivacy Law Scholars Conference, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Data protection doesn't work: Oversight failure in data processing figurations
Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh

2020

JournalInternet Policy Review
Personal information management systems: a user-centric privacy utopia?
Heleen Janssen · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society
Monitoring misuse for accountable'artificial intelligence as a service'
Seyyed Ahmad Javadi · Richard Cloete · Jennifer Cobbe · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Jatinder Singh
JournalAvailable at SSRN
From fairness metrics to key ethics indicators (keis): a context-aware approach to algorithmic ethics in an unequal society
Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Luciano Floridi · Jatinder Singh
JournalComputer Law \& Security Review
Reviewable automated decision-making
Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalComputer
Centering the law in the digital state
Jennifer Cobbe · Michelle Seng Ah Lee · Heleen Janssen · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency
Regulating transparency? Facebook, twitter and the German network enforcement act
Ben Wagner · Krisztina Rozgonyi · Marie-Therese Sekwenz · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalJournal of Cyber Policy
What lies beneath: Transparency in online service supply chains
Jennifer Cobbe · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh
ConferenceProceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
A call for auditable virtual, augmented and mixed reality
Richard Cloete · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh
JournalInternational Data Privacy Law
Decentralized data processing: personal data stores and the GDPR
Heleen Janssen · Jennifer Cobbe · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh

2019

JournalIEEE Security \& Privacy
The security implications of data subject rights
Jatinder Singh · Jennifer Cobbe
ConferenceAdjunct Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Explaining automated environments: Interrogating scripts, logs, and provenance using voice-assistants
Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00733
Blockchain and the future of the internet: a comprehensive review
Fakhar ul Hassan · Anwaar Ali · Siddique Latif · Junaid Qadir · Salil Kanhere · Jatinder Singh · Jon Crowcroft
ConferenceThe World Wide Web Conference
SGX-PySpark: Secure distributed data analytics
Do Le Quoc · Franz Gregor · Jatinder Singh · Christof Fetzer
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00733
Blockchain and the future of the internet: A comprehensive review
Anwaar Ali · Mohamed Rahouti · Siddique Latif · Salil Kanhere · Jatinder Singh · Umar Janjua · Adnan Noor Mian · Junaid Qadir · Jon Crowcroft · others
JournalConsiderations, and Principles (April 15, 2019)
Regulating recommending: motivations, considerations, and principles
Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
JournalZenodo
Personal data stores and the GDPR’s lawful grounds for processing personal data
Heleen Janssen · Jennifer Cobbe · Chris Norval · Jatinder Singh

2018

ConferenceProceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers
CLAW 2018: Chairs' Message: Fourth Workshop on Legal and Technical Issues in Cloud and Pervasive Computing (IoT)
Jatinder Singh · Julia Powles · Angela Daly
JournalDagstuhl Reports
Towards Accountable Systems (Dagstuhl Seminar 18181)
David Eyers · Christopher Millard · Margo Seltzer · Jatinder Singh
JournalPersonal and Ubiquitous Computing
Data provenance to audit compliance with privacy policy in the Internet of Things
Thomas Pasquier · Jatinder Singh · Julia Powles · David Eyers · Margo Seltzer · Jean Bacon
JournalRich. JL \& Tech.
Blockchain demystified: a technical and legal introduction to distributed and centralized ledgers
Jean Bacon · Johan David Michels · Christopher Millard · Jatinder Singh
Conference2018 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS\&PW)
Blockchain as a service (BaaS): Providers and trust
Jatinder Singh · Johan David Michels
ConferenceProceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers
Reclaiming data: Overcoming app identification barriers for exercising data protection rights
Chris Norval · Heleen Janssen · Jennifer Cobbe · Jatinder Singh
Conference2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops)
Pervasive communities in the internet of people
Eemil Lagerspetz · Huber Flores · Niko M"akitalo · Pan Hui · Petteri Nurmi · Sasu Tarkoma · Andrea Passarella · J"org Ott · Peter Reichl · Marco Conti · others
JournalIEEE Access
Decision provenance: Harnessing data flow for accountable systems
Jatinder Singh · Jennifer Cobbe · Chris Norval
JournalComputer
Accountability in the IoT: Systems, law, and ways forward
Jatinder Singh · Christopher Millard · Chris Reed · Jennifer Cobbe · Jon Crowcroft

2017

Conference2017 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)
Internet of Things ecosystems: unpacking legal relationships and liabilities
Christopher Millard · W Kuan Hon · Jatinder Singh
PreprintData protection and privacy: the age of intelligent machines
Machine learning with personal data
Dimitra Kamarinou · Christopher Millard · Jatinder Singh · R Leenes
JournalarXiv preprint arXiv:1710.06711
ComFlux: External composition and adaptation of pervasive applications
Raluca Diaconu · Jean Bacon · Jie Deng · Jatinder Singh

Publications

AI Safety Evaluations Need To Consider Cascading Effects

Who Controls the Conversation? User Perspectives On Generative AI (LLM) System Prompts

Position is Power: System Prompts as a Mechanism of Bias in Large Language Models (LLMs)

Stakeholder Participation for Responsible AI Development: Disconnects Between Guidance and Current Practice

Caught in the Cascade: Why LLM Auditing is Missing the Middle

From manual clinical criteria to machine learning algorithms: Comparing outcome endpoints derived from diverse electronic health record data modalities

Position is power: System prompts as a mechanism of bias in large language models (llms)

Size matters: limitations of the ZIF-8 monolith and its Ni-, Co-and Cu-doped variants for the adsorption of rhodamine B

Mapping the Tool Landscape for Stakeholder Involvement in Participatory AI: Strengths, Gaps, and Future Directions

Intimate data sharing: enhancing transparency and control in fertility tracking

Mapping the Tool Landscape for Stakeholder Involvement in Participatory AI: Strengths, Gaps, and Future Directions

From policy to practice in data governance and responsible data stewardship: system design for data intermediaries

‘Stewardship’as a Fair, Accountable and Transparent Model for Free and Open-Source Software Governance? Looking Beyond the EU’s Cyber Resilience Act

Accountability Capture: How Record-Keeping to Support AI Transparency and Accountability (Re) shapes Algorithmic Oversight

Trustworthy, responsible and ethical artificial intelligence in manufacturing and supply chains: synthesis and emerging research questions

Rights Out of Sight: Data Practices and Transparency Gaps in Smart Consumer IoT Ecosystems

Stakeholder participation for responsible ai development: Disconnects between guidance and current practice

Meaningful transparency for clinicians: Operationalising hcxai research with gynaecologists

Trouble at Sea: Data and digital technology challenges for maritime human rights concerns

Mind the gap: Designers and standards on algorithmic system transparency for users

Seeing Human Rights at Sea: How to Align Tech Development with the Needs of Maritime Human Rights Investigators and Affected Communities

The tensions of data sharing for human rights: A modern slavery case study

Accounting for context in AI technologies

Improving Group Fairness Assessments with Proxies

Stakeholder involvement for responsible AI development: A process framework

Understanding accountability in algorithmic supply chains

Trustworthy, responsible, ethical AI in manufacturing and supply chains: synthesis and emerging research questions

Navigating the audit landscape: A framework for developing transparent and auditable XR

A room with an overview: Toward meaningful transparency for the consumer Internet of Things

Out of context: Investigating the bias and fairness concerns of “artificial intelligence as a service”

Data rights in the consumer Internet of Things

Formalising Trade-Offs Beyond Algorithmic Fairness: Lessons from Ethical Philosophy and Welfare

From transparency to accountability of intelligent systems: Moving beyond aspirations

Cloud Computing Demystified (Part 2): Control, Security, and Risk in the Cloud

Defining the scope of ai adm system risk assessment

Data justice in practice: A guide for impacted communities

Practical fundamental rights impact assessments

Disclosure by Design: Designing information disclosures to support meaningful transparency and accountability

Data justice in practice: A guide for policymakers

Data justice in practice: A guide for developers

Personal information management systems

Making algorithmic systems more meaningfully transparent for users through visualisation

Cloud computing demystified (part 1): technical and commercial fundamentals

Advancing data justice research and practice: An integrated literature review

Data intermediary

Formalising trade-offs beyond algorithmic fairness: lessons from ethical philosophy and welfare economics

Differential tweetment: Mitigating racial dialect bias in harmful tweet detection

Towards an accountable Internet of Things: A call for reviewability

Monitoring AI services for misuse

Enclaves in the clouds: Legal considerations and broader implications

The landscape and gaps in open source fairness toolkits

Spelling errors and non-standard language in peer-to-peer loan applications and the borrower’s probability of default

Data protection and tech startups: The need for attention, support, and scrutiny

Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges

Reviewable automated decision-making: A framework for accountable algorithmic systems

Risk identification questionnaire for detecting unintended bias in the machine learning development lifecycle

Auditable augmented/mixed/virtual reality: the practicalities of mobile system transparency

Data protection doesn't work: Oversight failure in data processing figurations

Personal information management systems: a user-centric privacy utopia?

Monitoring misuse for accountable'artificial intelligence as a service'

From fairness metrics to key ethics indicators (keis): a context-aware approach to algorithmic ethics in an unequal society

Reviewable automated decision-making

Centering the law in the digital state

Regulating transparency? Facebook, twitter and the German network enforcement act

What lies beneath: Transparency in online service supply chains

A call for auditable virtual, augmented and mixed reality

Decentralized data processing: personal data stores and the GDPR

The security implications of data subject rights

Explaining automated environments: Interrogating scripts, logs, and provenance using voice-assistants

Blockchain and the future of the internet: a comprehensive review

SGX-PySpark: Secure distributed data analytics

Blockchain and the future of the internet: A comprehensive review

Regulating recommending: motivations, considerations, and principles

Personal data stores and the GDPR’s lawful grounds for processing personal data

CLAW 2018: Chairs' Message: Fourth Workshop on Legal and Technical Issues in Cloud and Pervasive Computing (IoT)

Towards Accountable Systems (Dagstuhl Seminar 18181)

Data provenance to audit compliance with privacy policy in the Internet of Things

Blockchain demystified: a technical and legal introduction to distributed and centralized ledgers

Blockchain as a service (BaaS): Providers and trust